sudo badblocks -snp # /dev/sdxy
where # is the number of passes to run. This report[s] the progress to you as it runs.
You can then run:
sudo fsck.vfat /dev/sdxy -a -w
This [a]utomatically fixes problems by [w]riting changes to the disk. Any dodgy files you had will be renamed.
Finally, if you have cleared the disk of any remaining stuff, you can run a deep [w]rite and read test by running:
sudo badblocks -swp # /dev/sdxy
If you do not find any physical bad blocks, that suggests that the problem was a software one, and the card remains safe to use.
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